Description MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c) is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome. It functions as a mitokine, exerting systemic effects by modulating metabolic homeostasis, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and promoting cellular resilience under stress conditions. Research has shown that MOTS-c activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and adaptive stress response pathways, leading to…
Description NAD⁺ is a pyridine nucleotide coenzyme found in all living cells, where it plays a central role in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, acting as an electron carrier in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. It exists in oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH) forms and is essential for ATP production. Beyond its role…
